During the final step of cellular respiration (electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation), the mitochondria pumps h+ ions from the matrix (the innermost part of the mitochondria) to the intermembrane space. this creates something called a concentration gradient. after all the h+ ions are pumped into this space, where do h+ ions want to move and more importantly why?

How do temperature and salinity affect deepwater currents? they create changes in wind direction, moving denser water in the same direction as the wind and causing the deepwater circulation patterns found in the ocean. as temperatures and salinity levels of water increase, the water rises to the surface where it creates currents as it moves to colder regions. they create density differences that cause dense deepwater currents to flow toward the equator where they displace less dense, warmer water above them. they equalize the forces on undersea currents caused by the coriolis effect as they replace more dense water with less dense water.