The client experienced a traumatic event in the past that has caused chronic nightmares in which the event is relived. the client may have increased levels of which of the following?
a) aldosterone
b) thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh)
c) norepinephrine
d) cytokines

c) norepinephrine

Explanation:

In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) the adrenal medulla secret increased levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Chronic PTSD also have shown to have increased activity of alpha adrenergic receptors.

In response to extreme stress the body secret these hormones which exert profound effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Also it increases the availability of energy sources from the break down of fats and glycogen.

Answer is norepinephrine

answer: the correct option is d. enzyme

lactase and carbonic anhydrase are the examples of enzymes.

lactase is an enzyme, which is present in the small intestine of mammals. it in the digestion of the disaccharide, lactose ( milk sugar) by converting it into two monosachharide, which are glucose and galactose.

carbonic anhydrase is present in the red blood cells. this enzyme plays significant role in the transport of co₂. it in the conversion of co₂ and h₂o into carbonic acid, which is then dissociated into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.