A convecting mantle is an essential feature of plate tectonics and contributes to the formation of both igneous and metamorphic rocks. Where does the thermal energy that drives these convection currents come from?
A) The convection of the mantle is driven by the heat gradient within the mantle layer itself.
B) The convection of the mantle is a product of the transfer of heat from the core to the lower mantle.
C) The convection of the mantle is the result of the radioactive decay of nickel occurring within the core.
D) The heat is the frictional heat from the rotating fluids within the core of the Earth which rises up into the mantle.


prophase: we can observe the chromosomes to coil up and condense. they become visible. nuclear membrane and envelope disintigrate.s

metaphase: chromosomes align at the center, the metaphase plate. spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the sister chromatids. they meet at kinetochores.

anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled towards each opposing centromere, set on different poles.

telophase: chromosomes are now clustered up only on either sides of the cell. nuclear membranes reform, and a new cell wall forms along the cell plate. this will lead to cytokinesis, the process that divides the cell membrane and forms the cell wall.

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