Consider this mating between genotypes AaBBccDd and AabbCCDd, where A, B, C and D are loci that assort independently and the uppercase and lower case letter indicate the dominant allele and recessive allele respectively. Show all of your work.
a. What is the probability that any given offspring of this pair will be heterozygous at all loci?
b. What is the probability that an offspring will be homozygous at all four loci?
c. What is the probability that an offspring will be phenotypically dominant?

a. 1/4

b. 0

c. 9/16

Explanation:

Genotype of the parents: AaBBccDd and AabbCCDd.

Aa x Aa= 1/4 AA: 1/2 Aa: 1/4 aa

BB x bb= All Bb

cc X CC= All Cc

Dd x Dd= 1/4 DD: 1/2 Dd: 1/4 dd

a) The probability of the progeny heterozygous at all loci= 1/2 Aa x 1 Bb x 1 Cc x 1/2 Dd = 1/4.

b) The probability of an offspring that is homozygous at all four loci= 0

Since the progeny will be heterozygous for B and C. None of the progeny can be homozygous at these two loci.  

c.  

Aa x Aa= 3/4 dominant: 1/4 recessive

BB x bb= All dominant

cc X CC= All dominant

Dd x Dd=  3/4 dominant: 1/4 recessive

The probability of dominant offspring= 3/4 x 3/4 = 9/16

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4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."