Crossing over, or recombination, is thought to be evolutionarily advantageous because it continually shuffles genetic alleles into novel combinations. Until recently, it was thought that Y-linked genes might degenerate because they have no homologous genes on the X chromosome with which to recombine. However, when the Y chromosome was sequenced, eight large regions were found to be internally homologous to each other, and quite a few of the 78 genes represent duplicates. How might this be beneficial?

Compare and contrast the relative importance of the sporophyte vs gametophyte generation between nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants and seed plants, and explain the ecological significance of a larger sporophyte generation

Explain the significance of the increased cell specialization of the volvocine line

Fruit bats in central america eat bananas and other fruits. banana plants rely on bats for pollination. what would be the most likely consequence on the banana crop if fruit bats were eliminated from the area? the banana crop would increase because bats would stop eating the crops. the banana crop would decrease because bats would no longer pollinate the crops. the banana crop would remain constant because bees would replace the bats. the banana crop would remain constant because the plants would adapt using asexual reproduction.