Let's consider a scenario in which the resting membrane potential changes from −−70 mVmV to +70 mVmV, but the concentrations of all ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids are unchanged. Predict how this change in membrane potential affects the movement of Na+Na+. The electrical gradient for Na+Na+ would tend to move Na+Na+ while the chemical gradient for Na+Na+ would tend to move Na+Na+ .

The options

A. Out, in

B. In, in

C. Out, out

D. In, out

The CORRECT ANSWER IS A.

A. Out, in

Explanation:

The voltage across a membrane is known as the membrane potential. Membrane potential is very critical for the conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells.

Since, the inner region of the cell is negative when views against the outer region of the cell, the membrane potential promotes the flow of positively charged ions (cations) into the cell, and the flow of negative ions (anions) out of the cell. The diffusion of ions across the plasma is stimulated by the membrane—a chemical force (the ions' concentration gradient), and an electrical force (the impact of the membrane potential on the ions’ flow). These two forces works in unity to form an electrochemical gradient.

If the inner region of the cell is positively charged when viewed against the outside, the electrical gradient will promote flow of positively charged sodium ions out of the cell.

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what do the different brain waves do?

explanation:

brainwaves are produced by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. brainwaves are detected using sensors placed on the scalp. brainwave speed is measured in hertz (cycles per second) and they are divided into bands delineating slow, moderate, and fast waves.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.