Everyone is exposed regularly to ionizing radiation found in the soil, water, and air and from cosmic rays. In fact, 80% of the ionizing radiation people are exposed to comes from naturally occurring sources. Ionizing radiation can cause double-strand breaks in the DNA. Often, the DNA breaks have missing nucleotides at the broken ends. What type of repair would likely be used, and what would be the result of repairing this type of damage

Non-homologous end joining

Explanation:

The double-strand breaks are repaired using, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), in the absence of a homologous sequence, .

Some nucleotide are removed from the ends, produced by the double-strand break and then the two strands are ligated, Ku proteins firstly binds to the ends and it recruits DNA-PKcs, which then recruits the Artemis (a nuclease) , it will remove single-stranded DNA if any in that region then DNA ligase IV ligates the 2 ends.

Since NHEJ results in deletion of few nucleotide,then this is an error-prone repair mechanism

convclusively, Non-homologous end joining would be used to join the DNA, but errors would still remain.

cellular respiration oxidizes food into energy in the form of atps.

glycolysis (6 c hexose) > 2x atps are used > 6c hexose biphosphate > 2 x 3c triphosphate >

2 x 3c pyruvate (2x nadh produced from nad) and (4x atp produced)

pyruvate actively pumped mitochondrial matrix.