The first cells may have gained energy through a. redox reactions using diatomic oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor. b. ingesting algae present in the early oceans. c. light-driven ion pumps. d. the controlled oxidation of petroleum.

c. Through light-driven ion pumps

Explanation:

a. Through redox reactions using diatomic oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor❌

Oxygen was observed to be lacking on early Earth.

b. Through the controlled oxidation of petroleum❌

Petroleum is categorically a fossil fuel and couldn't be marked as being available or found on early Earth.

c. Through light-driven ion pumps✔✔✔

Light-energy that was derived from the sun was a ready and accessible source of energy that could have directed proton pumps in early or first cells.

d. Through ingesting algae present in the early oceans❌

Algae are known to be eukaryotes and was seen to have been established billions of years after the first cells developed.

c. light-driven ion pumps.

Explanation:

According to the records we know that the first cells took energy from the surrounding environment, and lived in the absence of O2, with the shortage of nutrients they began to obtain energy from sunlight and CO2 present in the atmosphere.

the function of the protein macromolecule is to move things in and out of the cell and transport other molecules in the body. there are many functions of proteins. they are the basic building blocks of living things and are responsible for the growth and repair of body cells and tissues.

explanation:

"a.) well–developed vascular system."