Ions are transported across plasma membranes using

Active transport.

Explanation:

To move substances or ions against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, the cell must utilize energy which is in the form of ATP during active transport.

Primary active transport, which is directly dependent on ATP, moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane.

emerging idea only occurs as a raw idea that could appear out of nowhere. meanwhile, to reach scientific consensus , that idea must be structured and tested over and over again through various experiments. the scientific consensus transforms the raw idea into idea that is more reliable through the process of scientific elimination.