In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by . In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by . decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes

increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

Explanation:

In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars, fatty acids, proteins and amino acids.

During acclimation in low temperatures, sugars especially sucrose are stored in high concentration, and act as cryoprotectants. High concentrations of oligosaccharides improves high viscosity in the cytoplasm of freeze-dehydrated cells,  and hence protect the membranes from any deleterious interactions.

Extremely low temperature tolerant plants have an increased content of total lipid during acclimation to freezing temperatures.

soluble protein and amino acid contents also increases in freezing temperatures.

Increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

Explanation:

By increasing these concentrations of solutes the water takes a anti freezing effect just as when we add ethyl lead into the carborator of car to prevent cooling. These solute concentration increase or decrease according to the varaitions in weather and mostly seen in hard wood species like oak etc...

significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution

explanation:

passenger vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. in 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.

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