The proton pump is a protein that moves protons across membranes against their concentration to create an electrochemical gradient. Another protein called an amino acid transporter utilizes that gradient to move amino acids uphill against their concentration gradient. If one form of energy (the proton pump) is converted into another form of energy (the movement of the amino acids), why isn’t this a violation of the second law of thermodynamics? Because…

Which of the following observations darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? a) species diversity declines farther from the equator.b) fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.c) birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birdsê¹ maximum nonstop flightdistance.d) south american temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of south america than to thetemperate plants of europe.e) earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions.