Sarah turns quickly and sees the soccer ball hurtling toward her face. She blinks and ducks for cover. During this reaction, Sarah perceived the ball, decided what to do, and then blinked. Which choice lists the cells that were involved in this process from first to last?

A. sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons (all cells that belong to the PNS)
B. motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons (all cells that are part of the PNS)
C. sensory neurons (part of the PNS), interneurons (part of the CNS), and motor neurons (part of the PNS)
D. sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons (all cells that belong to the CN

The correct answer is: C.

Explanation:

The given situation is the example of a Reflex Action.Reflex action can be defined as an action shown in response to a sudden stimulus.The CNS or the Central Nervous System is comprised of the Brain and the Spinal Cord which receives the Sensory impulses from the Receptor organ, integrates or decides on the response which needs to be provided and then sends the Response impulses to the Effector organ.The PNS or the Peripheral Nervous System is comprised of the sensory and motor neurons those are responsible for connecting the Sensory organ and the Motor organ to the CNS, respectively.In the situation, Sarah's eyes perceives the ball and sends sensory impulses through the optic nerve containing the sensory neurons (PNS) to the spinal cord.The spinal cord possess inter-neurons (CNS) that decides over the action to be done in response to the stimulus.The Response stimulus is send from the inter-neurons via the motor neurons (PNS) to the eye muscles of Sarah and Sarah performs the action, that is, she blinks.

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic