Remarkably, biologists are able to extract DNA from fragments of ancient Neanderthal bone and sequence Neanderthal DNA. Biologists are also able to come up with an accurate age of the remains. Some of these remains are as recent as 28,000 years old. What of the below is true about how they age the remains?

a. All of these
b. By extrapolating the half-life of Carbon-14 to estimate how much time the ratio of Carbon-14 to standard carbon took reach the present value in the bone
c. By measuring the amount of Carbon-14 present in the bone
d. By comparing the ratio of Carbon-14 to standard Carbon in the bone

Which of the following is an oxidation-reduction reaction? (pictured below)

Which of these parts of the membrane large moecules pass through it ?

You will create a molecular clock model for an arthropod gene. follow these guidelines to make your model: . your timeline will span from 90 million years ago to the present. the common ancestor in your model is an arthropod that lived 90 million years ago. the gene that you'll track codes for a protein in the species venom . the dna sequence youll track contains 10 nitrogen bases. you can choose the order of the bases and where the mutations occur. this gene mutates at a rate of approximately 0.76 base pairs every 17.1 million years. to build your model,/ calculate the estimated time period it takes for 1 base pair to mutate. the first time period will only show the common ancestor. at the beginning of the second time period, three lineages will diverge from the common ancestor, each with a different mutation in their gene sequences. the first and third descendant species will survive for the rest of the timeline. the second descendant species was extinct 50 million years ago. calculate how long it will take for one full base pair mutation to occur. explain your reasoning by constructing a mathematical equation