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Models the appropriate phenomenon: Aphids getting sprayed
with pesticides and the effects of that over time.

Aphids get resistant to pesticides often.

Aphids are the small bugs that are found in plants and are generally green to red in colour. Aphids are often found to be resistant to the common organophosphates or anticholinesterase pesticides that are commonly used. They do this by means of one of the three processes.

The normal genotype which has no resistance mechanism did respond to the insecticide by up-regulating 183 genes. These genes were mostly related to energy metabolism, detoxifying enzymes, proteins of extra cellular transport, peptidases and cuticular proteins.

The second mechanism of the is seen in second genotype which is resistant through a kdr sodium channel mutation. They up-regulated 17 genes which are coding for detoxifying enzymes, peptidase and cuticular proteins.

The third mechanism is seen in those groups which are multiply resistant genotype that carrying kdr and a modified acetylcholinesterase. They are found to up-regulated only 7 genes and appeard not to require induced insecticide detoxification. Instead they down-regulated many genes.

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the missing space is phylum