Due to physical constraints, maximizing one life history trait (e. g. height) often comes at the expense of another (e. g. longevity); the allocation between such desirable but incompatible traits is known as:a) life history
b) growth and development
c) trade offs
d) all of the above

The correct answer is - option C.

Explanation:

Trade off is the allocation in which one trait or character is only achieve by the expense of the other character and traits of life history due to some type of natural phenomenon.

The example of such trade off is given in the question where one of the life history trait such as height come at stake of longevity, due to physical constraints.

Thus, the correct answer is - option C.