An anesthesiologist made a comparative study of the effects of acupuncture and codiene on postoperative dental pain in male subjects. The four treatments were (1) placebo treatment-- a sugar capsule and two inactive acupuncture points, (2) codiene treatment only--a codeine capsule and two inactive acupuncture points; (3) acupucture only--a sugar capsule and two active acupuncture points (4) both codeine and acupuncture.