You are studying a group of closely related plant species that are fed upon by numerous herbivores. One of these herbivores is a caterpillar species that has evolved the ability to sequester the alkaloid that is this plant group's principal defense against all herbivores. You then construct a phylogeny of the plant species. You expect to find that the most recently radiated species in the group that co-occur with the caterpillar: Select all that apply.

a. are found in resource-rich environments.
b. are found in resource-poor environments.
c. Produce a novel volatile molecule that attracts predators of the caterpillars.
d. have lost the ability to produce the sequestered alkaloid.

c. Produce a novel volatile molecule that attracts predators of the caterpillars.

Explanation:

Co-evolution is the phenomena in which two organisms that are related to one another influence the development of new traits in each other.

In the given condition the caterpillar evolved a trait that helped it to overcome the effects of the toxin produced by the plant.

In response to the resistance developed by the caterpillar the plant will develop a new mechanism of defense like, it will produce some volatile substance that will attract the natural predators of the caterpillar. So the predators will feed upon the caterpillars and bring down  their  population.

In turn the plant will be able to survive.

this protocol describes a detailed procedure for intracellular flow cytometry staining.

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