Biology, 17.03.2020 23:37 LizaB15

Johannes wants to know whether soil, water, or both are needed for plant growth. he chooses to conduct experiments on a willow tree for five years to answer his question. how can this experimental methods be changed to improve his experiment

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of those who start drinking before they're 15 will develop alcohol dependence

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Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc). although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm. environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6). the geosphere consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the atmosphere contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the hydrosphere contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found. ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields. the biosphere is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes: tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them. environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano) on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted. this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic

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the african cheetah.

this species has a relatively low level of genetic

variation because the population was reduced to a small size approxi-

mately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

chapter outline

24.1

genes in populations and the hardy-

weinberg equation

24.2

factors that change allele and genotype

frequencies in populations

24.3 sources of new genetic variation

population genetics

until now, we have primarily focused our attention on genes

within individuals and their related family members. in this

chapter and chapters 25 and 26 , we turn to the study of genes in

a population or species. the field of

population genetics

is con-

cerned with changes in genetic variation within a group of indi-

viduals over time. population geneticists want to know the extent

of genetic variation within populations, why it exists, and how it

changes over the course of many generations. the field of popu-

lation genetics emerged as a branch of genetics in the 1920s and

1930s. its mathematical foundations were developed by theoreti-

cians who extended the principles of gregor mendel and charles

darwin by deriving formulas to explain the occurrence of geno-

types within populations. these foundations can be largely attrib-

uted to three scientists: sir ronald fisher, sewall wright, and j. b. s.

haldane. as we will see, support for their mathematical theories

was provided by several researchers who analyzed the genetic com-

position of natural and experimental populations. more recently,

population geneticists have used techniques to probe genetic

variation at the molecular level. in addition, staggering advances

in computer technology have aided population geneticists in the

analysis of their genetic theories and data. in this chapter, we will

explore the genetic variation that occurs in populations and con-

sider the reasons why the genetic composition of populations may

change over the course of several generations

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The answer to your question is vagina

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