Carl is a 65 year-old patient presenting for a new patient exam. Upon clinical examination, the dental hygienist notes visual white spots on the cervical thirds of the maxillary anteriors and a D2 lesion is present on the radiographs on tooth #31-M. Carl states he had two fillings placed six months with his previous dentist. Based on the information given, what is the caries risk for this patient?

The caries risk for this patient includes;

• addiction to sugary and carbonated food and drinks,

• Having carious lesions during the last six months.

• Need to see special health care providers to meet some medical needs or needs assistance in self care.

Explanation:

Caries is a word synonymous to cavity that describes the progressive destruction in terms of cavitations of the tooth by decay. It describes the hole bored through the dental enamel and the decay of its hard tissues caused by the by-product action of bacteria in the mouth.

We see how the dentist had a visual of white spots (WSLs) on the cervical thirds of the maxillary anteriors meaning that there are white spot lession and demineralization of teeth wasn't controlled.

D2 is one of the D -series of the dental classification system – the dentist then checks for lesion within the middle third of dentin in this case.

D2 caries lesions can be detected by direct visual inspection and this should be to determined whether there is surface cavitations, every occlusions must have been removed before the inspection.

Carl has a recurrent caries around restorations this falls in the category of having an oral risk factor.

Remineralization is key to treat WSLs. A regular home care of Oral Hygiene and Fluoride Exposure is how this would be done with specially formulated paste.

The risk factors for both WSLs and Cavities are thus;

Presence of plaque , knowledge of plaque control and the patient’s motivation, daily use of fluoridated toothpaste daily and rinse, Brushing everyday, Floss at least once a day, Eat a well-balanced diet low in sugar and heavy starches, Drink plenty of water and Minimizing the intake of coffee, soda and alcohol.

the african cheetah.

this species has a relatively low level of genetic

variation because the population was reduced to a small size approxi-

mately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.

chapter   outline

24.1

genes in populations and the hardy-

weinberg equation

24.2

factors that change allele and genotype

frequencies in populations

24.3     sources of new genetic variation

population   genetics

24

until   now,   we   have   primarily   focused   our   attention   on   genes  

within   individuals   and   their   related   family   members.   in   this  

chapter   and   chapters   25   and   26   ,   we   turn   to   the   study   of   genes   in  

a   population   or   species.   the   field   of

population   genetics

  is   con-

cerned   with   changes   in   genetic   variation   within   a   group   of   indi-

viduals   over   time.   population   geneticists   want   to   know   the   extent  

of   genetic   variation   within   populations,   why   it   exists,   and   how   it  

changes   over   the   course   of   many   generations.   the   field   of   popu-

lation   genetics   emerged   as   a   branch   of   genetics   in   the   1920s   and  

1930s.   its   mathematical   foundations   were   developed   by   theoreti-

cians   who   extended   the   principles   of   gregor   mendel   and   charles  

darwin   by   deriving   formulas   to   explain   the   occurrence   of   geno-

types   within   populations.   these   foundations   can   be   largely   attrib-

uted to three scientists: sir ronald fisher, sewall wright, and j. b. s.

haldane.   as   we   will   see,   support   for   their   mathematical   theories  

was provided by several researchers who analyzed the genetic com-

position   of   natural   and   experimental   populations.   more   recently,  

population   geneticists   have   used   techniques   to   probe   genetic  

variation   at   the   molecular   level.   in   addition,   staggering   advances  

in   computer   technology   have   aided   population   geneticists   in   the  

analysis   of   their   genetic   theories   and   data.   in   this   chapter,   we   will  

explore   the   genetic   variation   that   occurs   in   populations   and   con-

sider   the   reasons   why   the   genetic   composition   of   populations   may  

change over the course of several generations

it's a.true. i'm kind of smart.