Chemical equilibrium is achieved when the and reaction rates are equal.

forward; reverse

Explanation:

Chemical equilibrium is a state where there is no tendency to change; the situation is stable.

This occurs when the reaction rate of the forward reaction is equal to the reaction rate of the reverse reaction. This is because when no rate is greater than another, the situation will remain the same.

Hope this helps!

it would be c. xylem.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.