We call a depurination when the covalent bond between the deoxyribose and an adenine, or guanine, breaks without damaging the DNA backbone of phosphate and deoxyribose.
a) deamination - cytosine to uracil
b) pyrimidine dimers - double bonds on adjacent bases form a ring coupling them together
c) alkylation - guanine to methyl-guanine
d) depurination - creating an apurinic site

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

explanation:

amber has allowed scientists to study dna that has been preserved over millions of years.

it's c.us forest service