Please answer the 1st question.

the answer is; comparing the frequency of collisions with and without the device

this makes the anti-collision system an independent variable and the collisions a dependent variable. if there are fewer collisions with an anti-collision system that without, then it can be stated that the system is a success. essentially, collisions under an anti-collision system are compared with the frequency of collisions by cars with the human drivers.

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

they have identical fossils of organisms that have evolved over time.

both have animal fossils preserved in them due to weathering and erosion.

they contain different fossils because life on earth has changed through time.

the fossils in them were formed on the surface of earth due to exposure to sunlight.