There are two questions

1) Explain why different types of cells are not the same.

2) How are the function and characteristics of different cells determined?

1) Because cells are not only characterized by by their genetic material and other interior components, but also by the genes they express. Cells have to fulfill multiple different functions to be able to build complex multicellular organisms.

2) Cell Function. The structural and functional characteristics of different types of cells are determined by the nature of the proteins present. ... The generalized cell functions include movement of substances across the cell membrane, cell division to make new cells, and protein synthesis.

Explanation:

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

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