What is the first thing to appear in secondary succession?

A. Bare rock
B. Soil
C. Pioneer species
D. Climax community

Deer cave cannot support photosynthesis is as not enough sunlight is present. in spite of this, it still has a complex food chain. what is the energy foundation of this food chain?

Fruit bats in central america eat bananas and other fruits. banana plants rely on bats for pollination. what would be the most likely consequence on the banana crop if fruit bats were eliminated from the area? the banana crop would increase because bats would stop eating the crops. the banana crop would decrease because bats would no longer pollinate the crops. the banana crop would remain constant because bees would replace the bats. the banana crop would remain constant because the plants would adapt using asexual reproduction.

What is any method of measuring the age of an object or event in years, such as using atomic half-life?