Pls help me w this last question

Chemical reactions convert reactants into products. In nonliving systems, the presence of a(n) catalyst allows the reaction to proceed very quickly and have a lower activation energy. In living systems, this functions is carried out by proteins called enzymes.

volcanoes (an event in the geosphere) release a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere. these particles serve as nuclei for the formation of water droplets (hydrosphere). rainfall (hydrosphere) often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth (biosphere).

the backbone of the dna and rna compound is sugar phosphate.