Passive immunotherapy is used when:.A. the attenuated live vaccine is too difficult to produce B. the pathogen does not produce a toxin C. the microorganism can be genetically manipulated D. protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately E. a representative antigen for the microbe cannot be isolated

D. protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately

Explanation:

Passive immunisation is used when there is a high risk of infection and there is insufficient time for the body to build its own immune response or to mitigate the effects of active or immunosuppressive diseases.

Passive immunisation may be offered when people are unable to synthesise antibodies and when they have been exposed to a disease to which they have no protection. example of passive immunotherapy include monoclonal antibodies (MABs) or magic bullets which targets cancerous cells.

Hence, the correct option is D.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.