During a fight-or-flight response, epinephrine is released into the body’s circulatory system and transported throughout the body. Some cells exhibit a response to the epinephrine while other cells do not. Which of the following justifies the claim that differences in components of cell signaling pathways explain the different responses to epinephrine? a) Cell signaling depends on the ability to detect a signal molecule. b) Not all cells have receptors for epinephrine. c) Only cells with such receptors are capable of responding. d) Cell signaling depends on the transduction of a received signal by the nervous system. e) Not all cells are close enough to a synapse to receive the signal and respond. f) Cell signaling depends on the signal being able to diffuse through the cell membrane. f) Epinephrine is incapable of diffusing through some plasma membranes because of the membrane’s phospholipid composition. g) Cell signaling requires reception, transduction, and response. h) All cells can receive epinephrine, all cells respond with a pathway, but only select cells have the proper coding in their DNA to respond.

Match the descriptions / definitions with the term they best describe 1. three dimensional relationship of the different polypeptide chains in a multisubunit protein or protein complex 2. common folding pattern in proteins in which a linear sequence of amino acids folds into a right-handed coil stabilized by internal hydrogen-bonding between polypeptide backbone atoms. 3. the amino acid sequence of a protein 4. a region on the surface of a protein that can interact with another molecule through noncovalent bonding. 5. three-dimensional arrangement of alpha-helices and beta-sheets within a single polypeptide, typically stabilized by a variety of noncovalent bonds, including ionic and hydrogen bonds, and nonpolar interactions / hydrophobic force. 6. the chain of repeating carbon and nitrogen atoms, linked by peptide bonds, in a protein. 7. common structural motif in proteins in which different sections of the polypeptide chain run alongside each other and are joined together by hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. 8. portion of a polypeptide chain that has a discrete tertiary structure of its own and can often fold independently of the rest of the chain 9. regular local folding patterns in a protein, including alpha-helix and beta-sheet a. primary structure b. beta-sheet c. protein d. coiled-coil e. polypeptide backbone f. secondary structure g. side chain h. tertiary structure i. binding site j. alpha-helix k. quaternary structure l. protein domain

Amniocentesis is a process in which amniotic fluid is taken from the mother's womb to identify any genetic abnormalities in the fetus. how would the discovery of the human genome contribute to this process?

Which best describes a gene? a. a sister chromatid b. a chromosome c. a tetrad d. a piece of a chromosome