The term succession refers to the natural, predictable change over time of the species which inhabit a particular ecosystem. Certain species become
less abundant or disappear entirely, while others thrive. There are two basic types of succession: primary and secondary. Primary succession follows the
formation of a totally new habitat, such as when a lava flow creates new land which lacks soil or vegetation. Secondary succession is triggered by a
disturbance which resets the plant community but leaves soil relatively intact, such as a wildfire, hurricane, or timber harvest
What statements describe succession in this situation: a retreating glacier?
A retreating glacier is followed by primary succession
A retreating glacier is followed by secondary succession.
Typical of soil formers are lichens and moss.
Pioneer species grow once soil develops.
The climax community consists of many deciduous species
Hemlock seedlings are more shade-tolerant than spruce and become the dominant climax species
During the intermediate stage, seeds of small trees and shrubs such as willows blow in the plants grow
but are eventually replaced

climate change and pollution

a lot of people sadly don't know the best way to learn is cheating off of your friends or this amazing thing called google

not necessarily. higher fitness requires the organism to be reproductive successful. for example, an organism at age 10 with 15 offspring is much more fit than an organism at age 15 with only 5 offspring.

the two answers are a, the population of birds with large beaks will increase on the island, and c, the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection. the reason for that is because if the birds that have beaks developed for eating small seeds lose all of their food, they will go hungry and eventually starve because they physically cannot eat the large seeds, therefore making the population of large beaked birds higher. also, if the trait of large beaks are dominant on the island over small beaks, then over time the large beaked birds will reproduce more and more, while the smaller beaked birds will reproduce less and less because they can't survive with the food provided. that leads to the trait of small beaks disappearing and the trait of large beaks taking over the island.