What are the independent genes called

gamete

gametes independently separete from one another when reproductive cells develop

By meiosis chromosomes reduce in number in parent cells by producing half to produce four reproductive cells called gametes

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products