1. The idea that geologic processes that occur today are similar to
those that have occurred on Earth in the past.

uniformitarianism

Explanation:

Uniformitarianism, in geology, is the doctrine suggesting that Earth's geologic processes acted in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity in the past as they do in the present and that such uniformity is sufficient to account for all geologic change.

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d. groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.