A/An solution occurs when the solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell

Most cells have an electrical potential difference of between –40 and millivolts.

is a determining force in water movement, and causes water to move from areas of high water concentration to low water concentration.

In most cells, there are more molecules inside the cell and more sodium molecules outside the cell.

A/An exists when different concentrations of a substance exist on either side of a membrane.

Describe the difference between a chemical and an electrical gradient.

What's an electrochemical gradient?

Do you think an electrochemical gradient can have conflicting component gradients? (That is, a chemical gradient directing solute flow in one direction, and an electrical gradient directing solute flow in the opposing direction.)