Many different types of mutations can occur within the body. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by different mutations within the CFTR gene. One mutation in the CFTR gene that leads to cystic fibrosis causes translation to end earlier in the gene sequence. Which type of mutation causes this translation error that leads to cystic fibrosis?
Which process is part of translation but not transcription?

Options are not provided for second question. So the complete question is as following:

Which process is part of translation but not transcription?

A. A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

B. A tRNA template is used to create a DNA strand.

C. A tRNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

1. nonsense mutation

2. D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

Explanation:

1. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder with damages the cells that produce sweat,  digestive juices and mucus such as lungs and digestive system.

Cystic fibrosis is caused due to the mutation in the CFTR gene. The mutation in CFTR gene is nonsense mutation in which, the CFTR protein or the process of translation stop prematurely. It causes non-functional proteins and cell recognize them as defective and destroy them.

Hence, the correct answer is nonsense mutation.

2. Transcription is the process of formation of single stranded RNA while translation is the process of formation of proteins from mRNA.

The process of transcription terminated after at mRNA but that mRNA further processed to form protein (amino acid chain) in translation.

So, D. An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain is correct option.

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.