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D. all of the above

Explanation:

The water molecules have surrounded salt (NaCl) ions in the given diagram.

Salt get dissolve in water as both are polar, having positive and negative charges and both have electrical charges. Covalent bonds in water molecules are more stronger than the ionic bonds of salts, that is why salt dissolve in water.

Water molecules and salt molecules form electrostatic interaction in which the positively charges ends of water molecules are attracted to the negative chloride ions (Cl- ion) while negative ends of the water molecules are attracted to the positive sodium ion (Na+ ion).

Water molecule breaks the ionic bond between sodium and chloride ions. Water molecules form hydration shell around sodium (Na+) and calcium (Cl-) ions and allow the salt to dissolve in water and forma homogeneous solution.

Hence, the correct option is "D. All of the above".