Red squirrels and gray squirrels have been the native species on an island for many years. A few years ago, black squirrels entered this island. The black squirrel is an invasive species. Invasive species aren’t native to the ecosystem. They move into an ecosystem because of natural changes or human intervention. Red squirrels and black squirrels have identical food requirements, but gray squirrels have a different diet. What three effects will these events have on the island’s squirrel population?

answer: "circumcision is a common procedure in which the skin covering the tip of the penis is surgically removed."

d. changes in climate and historical records

hope this

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).