9) We learned that there are several kinds of mutation that can happen to DNA molecules. List and describe 4 of them.

Point Mutation

Frame Shift Mutation

Insertions

Deletions

Explanation:

A point mutation is the change of a single nitrogen base in a DNA sequence. It is usually the least harmful type of DNA mutation.

Frameshift mutations are generally much more serious and often more deadly than point mutations. Even though only a single nitrogen base is affected, it is either completely deleted or an extra one is inserted into the middle of the DNA sequence.

An insertion occurs when a single nitrogen base is accidentally added in the middle of a sequence. This throws off the reading frame of the DNA and the wrong amino acid is translated. It also pushes the entire sequence down by one letter which changes all of the codons that come after the insertion, which completely alters the protein.

Deletion occurs when a nitrogen base is taken out of the sequence, causing the entire reading frame to change. It alters the codon and will also affect all amino acids that are coded for after the deletion.

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