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Vestigial structures: are various cells, tissues, and organs in a body which no longer serve a function. (Ex: human appendix, the pelvic bone of a snake, and the wings of flightless birds)

Homologous Structures: Homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor (Ex: humerus, radius, and ulna, just as the arms of the other animals included in the figure.

Embryological Similarities: The study of one type of evidence of evolution is called embryology, the study of embryos. (Ex: fish embryos and human embryos both have gill slits)

Fossil Record: history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock. (Ex: bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants)

Genetic (DNA) Similarities: a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. (Ex:  basic materials in the chromosomes of the human cell.)

Divergent Evolution: is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation. (Ex: Darwin's finches are a clear and famous)

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measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.