Sickle cell disease is a hereditary mutation that causes the red blood cells to deform, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen. Based on the image, what kind of mutation occurs to cause sickle cell disease? a. deletion
b. duplication
c. substitution
d. translocation

Substitution.

Explanation: The image shows a substitution mutation. Base A and base T switched position in the gene sequence.

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) to study the dna-protein interactions.

step 1: nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric no₂ into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.

step 2: nitrification-process of converting ammonia to nitrite or nitrate.

step 3: assimilation-plant roots absorb new form of nitrogen.

step 4: ammonification-conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia by bacteria involved in decomposition.

step 5: denitrification-bacteria turns the decomposed matter back into n₂o, which is released into atmosphere; repeat cycle.