Substances produced in a cell and exported outside the cell would pass through the

cell membrane

Explanation: Substances that were produced inside the cell that have to get out of the cell have to go through the cell membrane, because the cell membrane is the structure of cell.

i think the answer is composed of atoms

the earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions from a cloud of hydrogen, helium, rock, ice and other materials. these were pulled together by gravity to form objects in and around earth like- asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.

so, the best possible answer to this question will be option d- to harden materials to form different parts of earth’s layers