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Explain the cellular functions that occur when antibiotics attack a bacteria cell. a. antibiotics target the cell wall, cell membrane, and the processes of protein and nucleic acids production in bacteria to rupture the cell. b. antibiotics create dormant resistant endospores to preserve the genetic material and rupture the cell. c. antibiotics target the cell wall and form a bridge-like connection to form conjugation. d. antibiotics use binary fission to grow twice its size, replications its dna, and split into two cells.

Penicillin is hydrolyzed and thereby rendered inactive by penicillinase (also known as β-lactamase), an enzyme present in some resistant bacteria. the mass of this enzyme in staphylococcus aureus is 29.6 kd. the amount of penicillin hydrolyzed in 1 minute in a 10-ml solution containing 10-9 g of purified penicillinase was measured as a function of the concentration of penicillin. assume that the concentration of penicillin does not change appreciably during the assay. penicillin(μm) amount hydrolyzed(nmol) 1 0.11 3 0.25 5 0.34 10 0.45 30 0.58 50 0.61 (a) plot v0 versus [s] and 1/v0 versus 1/[s] for these data. does penicillinase appear to obey michaelis-menten kinetics? if so, what is the value of km? (b) what is the value of vmax? (c) what is the turnover number of penicillinase under these experimental conditions? assume one active site per enzyme molecule.

Part a - which gene to compare? in this exercise, you will use the cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) gene to investigate relationships among salmon species. (this gene encodes a protein that functions in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.) you will compare the coi gene sequences from your salmon test samples to the standard sequences for each salmon species. in order for the coi gene to be useful for distinguishing among the different salmon species, which three statements must be true?