4. The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is what type of succession?

after receiving a stimus, the sensory receptors send(s) signals to the appropriate area of the body.  

the must be sensory neurons.  

hope its .

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.

the sun creates it's own light, also gives light and life to bunch of stuff like plants,animals,humans etc.photosyntesis is the process of making food which needs sun,water,nutrients etc.