Which bird adaptation is probably less well-developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches?

the answer for this question would be d. glaciers

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.  

when the displaced particles are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, is called a transverse wave, whereas in longitudinal wave the displace practices are parallel to the direction of the wave.

in the given image:

first image shows - longitudinal wave

second image shows - transverse wave

third image shows - longitudinal wave

fourth image shows - longitudinal wave