An elderly woman finds that her back hurts almost all the time. her doctor tells her it is because she has osteoporosis. why might a disease that causes her bones to thin make her back hurt?

Osteoporosis leads to spinal fracture

Explanation:

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes the thinning of bones. With bones getting thin, a person is not able to stand or walk .

Due to osteoporosis, the spinal bones are also affected. With extreme thinning, the compression of spinal bones start due to which fracture occurs  that leads to severe back pain. This back pain gets further worse when a person is standing or walking. The only relief is obtained by laying down. Any sort of twisting, turning, or bending causes pain in the spinal bones.

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!