Explain why volcanoes and sunspots could (or could not) affect climate.

Volcanic eruptions can in two major ways, impact the atmosphere. Next, they emit carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that leads to the warming of the atmosphere. But the impact is small. Since 1750, volcanic emissions have been thought to be at least 100 times less than those from the combustion of fossil fuels.

During high sunspot activity, ultraviolet radiation rises significantly, and can have a large impact on the atmosphere of the Planet. Overall, however when observing the Planet on a large scale and over long stretches of time, it is clear that the production of solar energy has an impact on the atmosphere of the Earth.

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on island x the species needed to adapt because they were being subject to predators which didn't inhabit island y.  

condenser is used to focus in the light microscope.