With a gas station on almost every corner, it’s hard to imagine life without fossil fuels. Fossil fuels power everything from homes to businesses to cars. But fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources and have negative effects on the environment. To reduce our dependence on these fuels, cleaner energy alternatives have gained popularity in recent years. One possible alternative is geothermal energy. Geothermal power plants drill deep wells underneath Earth’s surface to pump water that is heated by magma. The steam from this hot water spins a turbine that is hooked up to a generator that produces electricity. The cold water is then pumped back into Earth to be reheated.

Do you think geothermal energy is a renewable resource? Why or why not? What are the benefits of using this energy to power homes and businesses? Can you think of any consequences to communities or the surrounding environment?

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

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