Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which red blood cells become irregularly shaped. The disease is caused by the presence of an incorrect amino acid
in a certain protein. The disease most likely occurred due to an altered
sequence of nitrogenous bases in the-*
-original DNA in the nucleus
-transcribed mRNA strand
-tRNA on the ribosome
-complementary DNA strands

"1. it should be, it has been for about 20 years, and it's really not much different in the end than breeding animals to have particular traits. there are always concerns about genetically engineered animals/plants affecting the environment in unexpected negative ways, but i can't think of an example where the fears didn't turn out to be baseless.  

first, as you point out, it would be a great advance in pharmacology, to be able to tailor drugs and their doses to me. the pros involve better medical treatment. the cons involve privacy issues like insurance companies denying coverage to people with genetic risk factors. looking at dna markers wouldn't affect the frequency of genetic diseases, but it would allow detection of them earlier. and ok, actually i suppose that if people used this information to avoid having children with genetic diseases, some might decrease in frequency."

protistas excret ethanol used in the manufacture of vinegar