8) Outline what you would need to know to answer the following question: of all the proteins that exist on earth at this time, what fraction of them have a known structure

To solve this question, it is necessary to consider the number of protein structures that have been empirically verified and the number of Open reading frames predicted from sequencing data

Explanation:

The most common methodologies used to determine protein 3D structure are nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography. Although both methods are efficient, the determination of 3D protein structures in physiological conditions is a time and cost-consuming task. Moreover, due to recent advances in bioinformatics and sequencing methodologies, the amount of protein Open Reading Frames predicted from sequencing data (especially obtained from Next Sequencing Generation studies) is many times higher. Indeed, less than 5% of sequenced proteins have an empirically validated 3D structure.

1. efficient use of space

2. elimination of groundwater contamination

3. energy generation

4. lower carbon footprint

answer : haversian

[explanation: -(compact bone is organized as parallel columns, known as haversian systems, which run lengthwise down the axis of long bones. these columns are composed of lamellae, concentric rings of bone, surrounding a central channel, or haversian canal, that contains the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic system of the bone)]