1. Which of the following is an example of a heritable characteristic (or inheritable trait) possessed by an animal that will improve its reproductive potential and survivability in its environment? a. Position of geese flying in V formation
b. Color and shape camouflage of praying mantis
c. Muscle atrophy in aging dogs
d. Male dominance in a pack of wolves

2. There are several species of salamanders in Austin, Texas that have adapted for life in underground caves. These salamanders usually have small, nonfunctional eyes. Scientists studying biological evolution consider the salamanders' eyes to be an example of —.

a. a vestigial organ
b. a genetic mutation
c. an analogous structure
d. an incomplete adaptation