These make up the rungs (center) of the DNA ladder, can be 4 different
types

nitrogenous bases

Explanation:

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this process is called "phosphorylation." a phosphate bond joins adenosine diphosphate to form adenosine triphosphate.

sexual reproduction produces offspring with novel combinations of genes. species that reproduce sexually must maintain two different types of individuals, males and females, which can limit the ability to colonize new habitats as both sexes must be present.