Which of the following will have the longest-term impact on organisms in an ecosystem?

answer; i believe that the correct answer is ; males are hemizygous for the x chromosome;

thinking it would be d not too sure but i think it's right

answer: substrate concentration. enzymes work best when there is a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse.

only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level. the remainder of the energy is used in life processes or lost as heat.