Explain the concept of “natural selection” using the peppered moths as an example.

Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i.e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

How secretion and excretion both are different? explain in simple language.

Which of the following initial observations would more directly lead to this research study? a) ginko biloba is cost effective and also possesses heart-protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. b) metformin is an effective treatment of patients with t2d, but shows side effects that complicate the disease state. c) over the past several years, the cost of treating t2d within the united states has increased dramatically. d) many plants contain molecules that improve the health and quality of life of patients with a variety of diseases like t2d. e) t2d affects millions of individuals in the usa and worldwide many of who could benefit from improved therapies.